GENIALLY FORGED IN FIRE

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GUERRA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA ESPAÑOLA

1.  ¿Qué supuso el Tratado de Fontainebleau (1807)?

El tratado de Fontainebleau fue acordado entre Francia y España y permitía a las tropas francesas cruzar España para conquistar Portugal, pero los franceses decidieron quedarse por el camino y conquistar toda la península.

2. ¿Qué bandos se enfrentaron en la Guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814)?

Se enfrentaron tropas francesas contra los patriotas españoles apoyados por Portugal e Inglaterra, ayuda que fue necesaria para acabar ganando la guerra al final.

3. ¿Qué dos grupos integraban el bando "patriota"? ¿Qué los caracteriza?

El bando patriota se dividía entre absolutistas , los que apoyaban a Napoleón, y liberales, que estaban en contra del absolutismo. También existía un grupo afrancesados, que lo que querían era una monarquía pero mas liberal que la anterior.

4. ¿Qué significa la expresión "Viva Fernando y vamos robando"? ¿Qué eran las guerrillas?

Esta expresión se refiere a los guerrilleros que vivían de lo que robaban y defendían el estado español, al que se refieren por el nombre de Fernando (Por el rey Fernando VII). Las guerrilas eran grupos de hombres autóctonos que causaron grandes bajas en el ejército francés mediante emboscadas, jugaban con su conocimiento del terreno, el factor sorpresa y la retirada veloz.

5. Cuál fue el coste de la ayuda de Gran Bretaña?

Las tropas inglesas atentaron varias veces contra el comercio textil español por miedo a su posible éxito, lo cual le quitaría importancia al algodón inglés. Los ingleses también estaban interesados en el comercio con América.

6. ¿Qué medidas fueron aprobadas por las Cortes de Cádiz de 1810?

Se aprobó una constitución liberal , que venció al absolutismo, realizó la suspensión de la Inquisición y la división de poderes fue impuesta.

7. ¿Qué batallas provocaron el final de la ocupación francesa en España?

La batalla que marcó el inicio del retroceso francés fue la de Arapiles (Salamanca), en la que el Duque Wellington tuvo una gran importancia. Las batallas de Vitoria y de San Marciel fueron decisivas para arrinconar al ejército galo en los Pirineos.

8. ¿Qué consecuencias tuvo la guerra para España?

Tuvo una grandísima pérdida demográfica entre bajas en batalla, los no nacidos y las enfermedades (500.000-800.000 muertes). Supuso el principio de las pérdidas del Imperio Español en América y otras colonias. También provocó el principio del fin para la e´pica absolutista y dejó una gran brecha económica en el país bajando sus ingresos más de la mitad.

AMERICAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

With the list of grievances and after seing the two historians I have finally come to a conclusion. I agree with the second historian, the one which defends the economic interest of the upper-class colonists. To achieve their purpose of being independent they controled the rest of the society by telling them what England was making against America´s evolution.

The proofs I´ve used to defend this idea are based in the grievances, which some of them only affected the upper-class colonists, and, why should the society protest about something that didn´t affected them? It has no sense. For example, taxes in jewelry was not important for normal people because they couldn´t afford to buy it in other ways.

So to sum up, we can say that the american revolution took place because the rich people wanted, normal society didn´t need to have independence from England because the taxes that were imposed didn´t affected them.

LA AMISTAD MOVIE REVIEW

1. What is the movie about? Summarize the plot of the film mentioning the main characters.

The movie talks about a group of black people that arrives at United States in a boat with terrible conditions were there has been a slaughter in the middle of the sea. The black people were captured in Africa illegaly and were made slaves. In United States were jailed and if they wanted to be free they needed to prove were they came from. For this option they were helped by lots of people like Mr Baldwin, John Quincy Adams, Theodore Joadson, a traductor and some more. The main character is Joseph Cinque, a black man who was separated from his family. When he is in jail and in court he was who spoke in representation of the rest of the slaves and who talked with all the defenders. Mr Baldwin was a young defender of the rights of the blacks and is the one who fighted for them in the court. John Quincy Adams was an expresident from America that in the last judgement made a speech that gave the slaves to be free by decision of the judges.

2. What was the Triangular Trade? What nations benefited from it?

Triangular trade was a type of comerce that took place between the 16th and the 19th century and is characterized by its triangular shape. This menas that the routes followed by the merchants was triangualar and it crossed the Atlantic Ocean. The route stablished a comerce between Africa, The Americas and Europe. The Americas selled to Europe raw materials, Europe selled to Africa Iron and things like tha, and Africa selled to The Americas what prompted this trade, the slaves that were so important for the developed or developing countries.

3. Do some research and explain the conditions in which slaves were captured and transported from Africa to the Americas.

During the trip from Africa to the Americas that lasted usually for 2 months or even longer a lot of heartless punishments were made to the slaves. They stayed below deck in rooms with hundreds of slaves all packed and without freedom of movement, they even had to be lying in the floor and they were tied with iron chains. They were fed 2 times a day and if they didn´t want to it they were force-fed. Usually 1 of 5 slaves died in the ship and when they died they were throwed overboard. Diseases were very usual things in this boats and for the safety of the crew some gobernments stablished laws for the treat of slaves.

4. What enlightened ideas appear in the movie?

In the final speech of John Quincy Adams he gives some arguments against enslaving people. He followed some ideas of the ilustrated ideology like the one that says that humans deserve being in his state of nature, but this is not bad. The state of nature was considered by Thomas Hobbes like something negative and he says that people should renounce to some rights giving them to a gobernor to obtain others. John Locke says that people are totally free so they can decide on their possesions and actions, always inside the nature law, and this is what is representated in La Amistad movie.

5. Who was Joseph Cinqué? Did he really exist? 

Joseph Cinqué was a black man that directed the uprising in the Amistad ship and who talked with his defenders in court, the one that talked for the others. He existed in the real world and was born and captured illegaly in Sierra Leona.

6. What is the role of John Quincy Adams, former US President, in the movie?

He is the one who defends the blacks in the judgement of the Supreme Court. His speech finally gives the freedom to the negroes and he uses philosophical arguments like the state
of nature and legislative arguments by saying that they are reflected like "people with a dutie" in the UUEE constitution, not as a property. He was called to participate in the other judgements but he refused to do nothing, but later when he receives the notice that the court appealed the case to the Supreme Court he decided to take part.

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